Unified Mass-Energy Dissolution Cosmology (UMEDC): A Staged Framework for Cosmic Energy Transformation and Late-Time Acceleration

Abstract

The ACDM model successfully describes the universe's expansion but remains fundamentally descriptive: it assigns fixed densities to matter, dark matter, and dark energy without providing a unifying physical mechanism behind their coexistence or evolution. In this work, we introduce the Unified Mass-Energy Dissolution Cosmology (UMEDC), a novel framework based on the staged transformation M → DM → DE, where ordinary matter gradually dissolves into a dark-matter-like reservoir, which subsequently transforms into a vacuum-like dark energy component. This mass-to-energy drift is governed by small, constant dissolution parameters that preserve early-universe cosmology while naturally generating late-time acceleration. We embed the UMEDC exchange law into the Friedmann, continuity, and perturbation equations to obtain closed-form expressions for p_m(a), p_dm(a), p_de(a), the Hubble rate H(a), the effective equation of state w_eff(a), and the deceleration parameter q(a). The model produces distinctive signatures in low-redshift observables, including distance-redshift relations, linear structure growth D(a), the ISW effect, and halo mass evolution. Unlike models that modify gravity or assume ad hoc dynamical dark energy, UMEDC preserves GR but introduces a physically motivated energy-transfer mechanism consistent with _u T^{μν}=0.We show that UMEDC (Option C baseline) aligns with key datasets—including SNe Ia, BAO, and cosmic chronometers—and predicts measurable deviations from ACDM at O(1–5%) level, accessible to DESI, Euclid, Rubin, and CMB-S4. The framework also extends to black hole mass evolution, providing a unified description where Hawking evaporation and cosmological dissolution become two limits of the same physical law.

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